2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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# 原创
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: 第九章 查找
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# 第九章 查找
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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## 一、基础知识点
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 1.基本概念
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 2.顺序查找法
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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>
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思路:从表的一端开始,顺序扫描线性表,依次扫描到的关键字和给定值k比较
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```
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//数组a[]有n个元素,没有次序,数组从下标1开始存储,写出查找元素k的算法
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int Search(int a[],int n,int k)
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{
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int i;
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for(i=1;i<=n;++i)
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{
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if(a[i]==k)return i;
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}
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return 0;
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}
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//查找成功----ASL分析:ASL=(1/n)*n*(1+n)/2=(n+1)/2,时间复杂度O(n);
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//查找失败----ASL分析:ASL=n,时间复杂度O(n);
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```
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 3.折半查找法
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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>
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**思路:** <br/> 1.要求线性表**有序**,设R[low, … ,high]是当前查找区间,mid = ( low / high ) / 2; <br/> 2.将待查找k与R[mid]进行比较,相等则查找成功,返回mid,失败则确定新查找区间; <br/> 3.R[mid] > k,则high = mid - 1;若R[mid]
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```
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//数组从下标1开始存储
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int HalfSearch(int R[],int low,int high,int k)
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{
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int mid;
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while(low<=high)
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{
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mid=(low+high)/2;
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if(R[mid]==k)return mid;
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else if(R[mid]>k)high=mid-1;
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else low=mid+1;
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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>
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 4.分块查找
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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>
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```
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//索引表定义
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typedef struct
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{
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int key;
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int low,high; //记录块内第一个和最后一个元素位置
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}indexElem;
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indexElem index[maxSize]; //定义索引表
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```
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>
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**算法描述:** <br/> 首先确定待查找元素的块,采用二分法查找;块内元素较少,直接用顺序查找; <br/> 平均查找长度 = 二分法查找平均长度 + 顺序查找平均查找长度;
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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## 二、二叉排序树与平衡二叉树
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 1.二叉排序树
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>
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**基本算法:**
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```
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//1.查找关键字算法
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//与这折半查找的二叉树类比,很简单
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BTNode *BSTSearch(BTNode *bt,int key)
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{
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if(bt==NULL)return NULL;
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else
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{
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if(bt->key==key)return bt;
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else if(bt->key>key)return BSTSearch(bt->lchild,key);
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else if(bt->key<key)return BSTSearch(bt->rchild,key);
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}
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}
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//2.插入关键字的算法
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//注意BST是一个查找表,对于一个不存在于二叉排序树中的关键字,查找不成功的位置即为需要将关键字插入的位置
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int BSTInsert(BTNode *&bt,int key)//由于二叉树需要改变,所以用引用,绪论里说过
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{
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if(bt==NULL)//空指针即为找到关键字插入位置
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{
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bt=(BTNode*)malloc(sizeof(BTNode));
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bt->lchild=bt->rchild=NULL;
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bt->key=key;
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return 1;
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}
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else
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{
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if(key==bt->key)return 0;//关键字存在二叉树中,插入1失败
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else if(key<bt->key)return BSTInsert(bt->lchild,key);
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else if(key>bt->key)return BSTInsert(bt->rchild,key);
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}
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}
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//3.二叉排序树的构造算法
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//建立一棵空树,直接逐个插入即可
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void CreatBST(BTNode *&bt, int key[], int n)
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{
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int i;
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bt=NULL;
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for(i=0;i<n;++i)BSTInsert(bt,key[i]);
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}
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//4.删除关键字操作
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/*
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1.p结点为叶子结点
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2.p结点只有右子树或者只有左子树
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3.p结点有左右子树,为保证二叉排序树的成立条件(输出的中序遍历有序)
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遍历p左子树的右指针,直到到达最右边的结点r(或者遍历p右子树的左指针,直到到达最左边的结点)
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p的关键字用r的关键字(相当于删除p),然后处理多出来的r,删除方式就按1,2情况处理。
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*/
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//具体算法严版书上有P230页
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//5.判断一棵二叉树是否为二叉排序树(结点值为int型)
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//思路:利用二叉排序树BST的中序遍历为递增序列的性质,对该二叉树进行中序遍历即可
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int predt=INF;//INF为已知常量,小于任何树中结点值,predt始终记录当前结点的前驱结点的值
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int judgeBST(BTNode *bt)
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{
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int b1,b2;
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if(bt==NULL)return1;//空BST
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else
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{
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b1=judgeBST(bt->lhild);
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if(b1==0||predt > bt->date)return 0;
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predt=bt->date;
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b2=judgeBST(bt->rchild);
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return b2;
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}
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}
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```
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 2.平衡二叉树
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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## 三、B-树和B+树
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 1.基本概念
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>
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<table><thead><th align="center">n</th><th align="center">k1</th><th align="center">k2</th><th align="center">…</th><th align="center">kn</th>
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</thead><tbody><td align="center">p0</td><td align="center">p1</td><td align="center">p2</td><td align="center">…</td><td align="center">pn</td>
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</tbody></table>
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 2.基本操作
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 3.B+树
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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## 四、散列表
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 1.基本概念
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 2.Hash表建立以及冲突解决
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 3.常用Hash函数构造方法
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 4.常用的Hash冲突处理方法
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2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
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2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
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### 5.散列表的性能分析
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>
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<table><thead><th align="right">解决冲突的方法</th><th align="center">查找成功时</th><th align="left">查找不成功时</th>
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</thead><tbody><td align="right">线性查找法</td><td align="center">`[1+1/(1-a)]/2`</td><td align="left">`[1+1/(1-a)^2]/2`</td>
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<td align="right">平方探查法</td><td align="center">`-(1/a)ln(1-a)`</td><td align="left">`1/(1-a)`</td>
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<td align="right">链地址法</td><td align="center">`1+a/2`</td><td align="left">`a+e^a≈a`</td>
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</tbody></table>
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**特别注意链地址法的ASL2求法**
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