2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 原创
|
|
|
|
|
: Python Tutorial 2.7.14总结
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python Tutorial 2.7.14总结
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 目录
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 编码风格
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[**PEP 8**](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008) 引入了大多数项目遵循的风格指导,以下是比较实用的编码风格:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 数据结构
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 列表常用函数
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<th align="center">对象方法</th><th align="left">描述</th>
|
|
|
|
|
|------
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.append`(**x**)</td><td align="left">把一个元素添加到链表的结尾(入栈)</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.pop`([**i**])</td><td align="left">从链表的指定位置删除元素,**并将其返回**,如果没有指定索引,`a.pop()` 返回最后一个元素。(出栈)</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.sort`(**cmp=None**, **key=None**, **reverse=False**)</td><td align="left">对链表中的元素就地进行排序</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.reverse`()</td><td align="left">就地倒排链表中的元素</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.remove`(**x**)</td><td align="left">删除链表中值为 **x** 的第一个元素。如果没有这样的元素,就会返回一个错误。</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.insert`(**i**, **x**)</td><td align="left">在指定位置插入一个元素</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.index`(**x**)</td><td align="left">返回链表中第一个值为 **x** 的元素的索引,如果没有匹配的元素就会返回一个错误</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.count`(**x**)</td><td align="left">返回 **x** 在链表中出现的次数</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td align="center">`list.extend`(**L**)</td><td align="left">将一个给定列表中的所有元素都添加到另一个列表中,相当于 `a[len(a):] = L`</td>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
队列实现`collections.deque()`,`append()`和`popleft()`
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> from collections import deque
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"])
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue.append("Terry") # Terry arrives
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue.append("Graham") # Graham arrives
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue.popleft() # The first to arrive now leaves
|
|
|
|
|
'Eric'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue.popleft() # The second to arrive now leaves
|
|
|
|
|
'John'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> queue # Remaining queue in order of arrival
|
|
|
|
|
deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 函数式编程工具
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对于链表: [filter()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#filter),[map()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#map) 以及 [reduce()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#reduce)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> def f(x): return x % 3 == 0 or x % 5 == 0
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
>>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
|
|
|
|
|
[3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> def cube(x): return x*x*x
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
>>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
|
|
|
|
|
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> def add(x,y): return x+y
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
列表推导式:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 元组和序列
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
元组不可变`>>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma`
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 集合
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
集合是一个无序不重复元素的集,基本功能包括关系测试和消除重复元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> a = set('abracadabra')
|
|
|
|
|
>>> a # unique letters in a
|
|
|
|
|
set(['a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
|
|
|
|
|
>>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'}
|
|
|
|
|
>>> a
|
|
|
|
|
{'r', 'd'}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 字典
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
创建字典:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)])
|
|
|
|
|
{'sape': 4139, 'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127}
|
|
|
|
|
>>> {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)}
|
|
|
|
|
{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 循环技巧
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在**序列**中循环时,索引位置和对应值可以使用 [enumerate()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#enumerate) 函数同时得到:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
list = ['tic', 'tac', 'toe']
|
|
|
|
|
>>> for i, v in enumerate(list):
|
|
|
|
|
... print(i, v)
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
0 tic
|
|
|
|
|
1 tac
|
|
|
|
|
2 toe
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
多个循环,使用`zip()`整体打包循环:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color']
|
|
|
|
|
>>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue']
|
|
|
|
|
>>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
|
|
|
|
|
... print 'What is your {0}? It is {1}.'.format(q, a)
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
What is your name? It is lancelot.
|
|
|
|
|
What is your quest? It is the holy grail.
|
|
|
|
|
What is your favorite color? It is blue.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
遍历字典时,使用 `iteritems()` 方法可以同时得到键和对应的值。:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'}
|
|
|
|
|
>>> for k, v in knights.iteritems():
|
|
|
|
|
... print k, v
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
gallahad the pure
|
|
|
|
|
robin the brave
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 模块
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 包
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
包内引用:包中使用了子包结构,可以按绝对位置从相邻的包中引入子模块
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
from . import echo
|
|
|
|
|
from .. import formats
|
|
|
|
|
from ..filters import equalizer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 输入与输出
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 格式化输出
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> s = 'Hello, world.'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> str(s)
|
|
|
|
|
'Hello, world.'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> repr(s)
|
|
|
|
|
"'Hello, world.'"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
|
|
|
|
|
>>> print 'Jack: {Jack:d}; Sjoerd: {Sjoerd:d}; Dcab: {Dcab:d}'.format(**table)
|
|
|
|
|
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import math
|
|
|
|
|
>>> print 'The value of PI is approximately %5.3f.' % math.pi
|
|
|
|
|
The value of PI is approximately 3.142.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 文件读写
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 使用 [json](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/json.html#module-json) 存储结构化数据
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
标准模块 [json](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/json.html#module-json) 可以接受 Python 数据结构,并将它们转换为字符串表示形式;此过程称为 **序列化**。从字符串表示形式重新构建数据结构称为 **反序列化**。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
JSON 格式经常用于现代应用程序中进行数据交换。许多程序员都已经熟悉它了,使它成为相互协作的一个不错的选择。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> json.dumps([1, 'simple', 'list'])
|
|
|
|
|
'[1, "simple", "list"]'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dumps()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/json.html#json.dumps) 函数的另外一个变体 [dump()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/json.html#json.dump),直接将对象序列化到一个文件。所以如果 `f` 是为写入而打开的一个 [文件对象](https://docs.python.org/2.7/glossary.html#term-file-object),我们可以这样做:`json.dump(x, f)`
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
`x = json.load(f)`:重新解码对象。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 错误和异常
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
|
|
raise ...
|
|
|
|
|
except Exception as e:
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
finally:
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### 类
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 迭代器
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
大多数容器对象都可以用 [for](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#for) 遍历:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在后台,[for](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#for) 语句在容器对象中调用 [iter()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#iter)。 该函数返回一个定义了 [next()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.next) 方法的迭代器对象,它在容器中逐一访问元素。没有后续的元素时,[next()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.next) 抛出一个 [StopIteration](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.StopIteration) 异常通知 [for](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#for) 语句循环结束。以下是其工作原理的示例:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> s = 'abc'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> it = iter(s)
|
|
|
|
|
>>> it
|
|
|
|
|
<iterator object at 0x00A1DB50>
|
|
|
|
|
>>> next(it)
|
|
|
|
|
'a'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> next(it)
|
|
|
|
|
'b'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> next(it)
|
|
|
|
|
'c'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> next(it)
|
|
|
|
|
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
|
|
|
|
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
|
|
|
|
|
next(it)
|
|
|
|
|
StopIteration
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 给自己的类定义迭代器
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
定义一个 [`__iter__()`](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__) 方法,使其返回一个带有 [next()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.next) 方法的对象。如果这个类已经定义了 [next()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/stdtypes.html#iterator.next),那么 [`__iter__()`](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__) 只需要返回 `self`:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
class Reverse:
|
|
|
|
|
"""Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards."""
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, data):
|
|
|
|
|
self.data = data
|
|
|
|
|
self.index = len(data)
|
|
|
|
|
def __iter__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
return self
|
|
|
|
|
def __next__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
if self.index == 0:
|
|
|
|
|
raise StopIteration
|
|
|
|
|
self.index = self.index - 1
|
|
|
|
|
return self.data[self.index]
|
|
|
|
|
>>> rev = Reverse('spam')
|
|
|
|
|
>>> iter(rev)
|
|
|
|
|
<__main__.Reverse object at 0x00A1DB50>
|
|
|
|
|
>>> for char in rev:
|
|
|
|
|
... print(char)
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
m
|
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
p
|
|
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 生成器
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[yield](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/simple_stmts.html#yield) 语句,每次 [next()](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/functions.html#next) 被调用时,生成器回复它脱离的位置(它记忆语句最后一次执行的位置和所有的数据值)。当发生器终结时,还会自动抛出 [StopIteration](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.StopIteration)异常。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> sum(i*i for i in range(10)) # sum of squares
|
|
|
|
|
285
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> xvec = [10, 20, 30]
|
|
|
|
|
>>> yvec = [7, 5, 3]
|
|
|
|
|
>>> sum(x*y for x,y in zip(xvec, yvec)) # dot product
|
|
|
|
|
260
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> from math import pi, sin
|
|
|
|
|
>>> sine_table = {x: sin(x*pi/180) for x in range(0, 91)}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> unique_words = set(word for line in page for word in line.split())
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> valedictorian = max((student.gpa, student.name) for student in graduates)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> data = 'golf'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> list(data[i] for i in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1))
|
|
|
|
|
['f', 'l', 'o', 'g']
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
### Python标准库概览
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 操作系统接口
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import os
|
|
|
|
|
>>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory
|
|
|
|
|
'C:\\Python27'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') # Change current working directory
|
|
|
|
|
>>> os.system('mkdir today') # Run the command mkdir in the system shell
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 文件管理
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import shutil
|
|
|
|
|
>>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')
|
|
|
|
|
>>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 从目录通配符搜索中生成文件列表
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import glob
|
|
|
|
|
>>> glob.glob('*.py')
|
|
|
|
|
['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### random
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import random
|
|
|
|
|
>>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
|
|
|
|
|
'apple'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> random.sample(xrange(100), 10) # sampling without replacement
|
|
|
|
|
[30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
|
|
|
|
|
>>> random.random() # random float
|
|
|
|
|
0.17970987693706186
|
|
|
|
|
>>> random.randrange(6) # random integer chosen from range(6)
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 互联网访问
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
用于处理从 urls 接收的数据的 [urllib2](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/urllib2.html#module-urllib2) 以及用于发送电子邮件的 [smtplib](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import urllib2
|
|
|
|
|
>>> for line in urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl'):
|
|
|
|
|
... line = line.decode('utf-8') # Decoding the binary data to text.
|
|
|
|
|
... if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line: # look for Eastern Time
|
|
|
|
|
... print line
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 需要在 localhost 运行一个邮件服务器
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import smtplib
|
|
|
|
|
>>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
|
|
|
|
|
>>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
|
|
|
|
|
... """To: jcaesar@example.org
|
|
|
|
|
... From: soothsayer@example.org
|
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
... Beware the Ides of March.
|
|
|
|
|
... """)
|
|
|
|
|
>>> server.quit()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 日期和时间
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
|
|
|
|
|
>>> from datetime import date
|
|
|
|
|
>>> now = date.today()
|
|
|
|
|
>>> now
|
|
|
|
|
datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
>>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
|
|
|
|
|
'12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
|
|
|
|
|
>>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
|
|
|
|
|
>>> age = now - birthday
|
|
|
|
|
>>> age.days
|
|
|
|
|
14368
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 数据压缩
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[zlib](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/zlib.html#module-zlib),[gzip](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/gzip.html#module-gzip),[bz2](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/bz2.html#module-bz2),[zipfile](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/zipfile.html#module-zipfile) 以及 [tarfile](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/tarfile.html#module-tarfile)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> import zlib
|
|
|
|
|
>>> s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> len(s)
|
|
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
|
|
>>> t = zlib.compress(s)
|
|
|
|
|
>>> len(t)
|
|
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
|
>>> zlib.decompress(t)
|
|
|
|
|
b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
|
|
|
|
|
>>> zlib.crc32(s)
|
|
|
|
|
226805979
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-07-03 09:49:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#### 性能度量
|
2021-02-27 15:01:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[timeit](https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/timeit.html#module-timeit)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
>>> from timeit import Timer
|
|
|
|
|
>>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
|
|
|
|
|
0.57535828626024577
|
|
|
|
|
>>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
|
|
|
|
|
0.54962537085770791
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
更多细节见:[http://www.pythondoc.com/pythontutorial27/stdlib2.html](http://www.pythondoc.com/pythontutorial27/stdlib2.html)<br/> 参考书籍:[http://www.pythondoc.com/pythontutorial27/](http://www.pythondoc.com/pythontutorial27/)
|
|
|
|
|
|