8.4 KiB
8.4 KiB
原创
： Shell流程控制：case 分支
Shell流程控制：case 分支
流程控制：case 分支
case
case word in
[pattern [| pattern]...) commands ;;]...
esac
#!/bin/bash
# case-menu: a menu driven system information program
clear
echo "
Please Select:
1. Display System Information
2. Display Disk Space
3. Display Home Space Utilization
0. Quit
"
read -p "Enter selection [0-3] > "
case $REPLY in
0) echo "Program terminated."
exit
;;
1) echo "Hostname: $HOSTNAME"
uptime
;;
2) df -h
;;
3) if [[ $(id -u) -eq 0 ]]; then
echo "Home Space Utilization (All Users)"
du -sh /home/*
else
echo "Home Space Utilization ($USER)"
du -sh $HOME
fi
;;
*) echo "Invalid entry" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
模式
case 语句使用的模式和路径展开中使用的那些是一样的。模式以一个 “)” 为终止符。这里是一些有效的模式。
|模式|描述 |------ |a)|若单词为 “a”，则匹配 |:alpha:)|若单词是一个字母字符，则匹配 |???)|若单词只有3个字符，则匹配 |.txt)|若单词以 “.txt” 字符结尾，则匹配 |)|匹配任意单词。把这个模式做为 case 命令的最后一个模式，是一个很好的做法， 可以捕捉到任意一个与先前模式不匹配的数值；也就是说，捕捉到任何可能的无效值。
#!/bin/bash
read -p "enter word > "
case $REPLY in
[[:alpha:]]) echo "is a single alphabetic character." ;;
[ABC][0-9]) echo "is A, B, or C followed by a digit." ;;
???) echo "is three characters long." ;;
*.txt) echo "is a word ending in '.txt'" ;;
*) echo "is something else." ;;
esac
还可以使用竖线字符作为分隔符，把多个模式结合起来。这就创建了一个 “或” 条件模式。这对于处理诸如大小写字符很有用处。例如：
#!/bin/bash
# case-menu: a menu driven system information program
clear
echo "
Please Select:
A. Display System Information
B. Display Disk Space
C. Display Home Space Utilization
Q. Quit
"
read -p "Enter selection [A, B, C or Q] > "
case $REPLY in
q|Q) echo "Program terminated."
exit
;;
a|A) echo "Hostname: $HOSTNAME"
uptime
;;
b|B) df -h
;;
c|C) if [[ $(id -u) -eq 0 ]]; then
echo "Home Space Utilization (All Users)"
du -sh /home/*
else
echo "Home Space Utilization ($USER)"
du -sh $HOME
fi
;;
*) echo "Invalid entry" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
添加的 “;;&” 的语法允许 case 语句继续执行下一条测试，而不是简单地终止运行。
#!/bin/bash
# case4-2: test a character
read -n 1 -p "Type a character > "
echo
case $REPLY in
[[:upper:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is upper case." ;;&
[[:lower:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is lower case." ;;&
[[:alpha:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is alphabetic." ;;&
[[:digit:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is a digit." ;;&
[[:graph:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is a visible character." ;;&
[[:punct:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is a punctuation symbol." ;;&
[[:space:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is a whitespace character." ;;&
[[:xdigit:]]) echo "'$REPLY' is a hexadecimal digit." ;;&
esac
位置参数
访问命令行
shell 提供了一个称为位置参数的变量集合，这个集合包含了命令行中所有独立的单词。这些变量按照从0到9给予命名。
#!/bin/bash
# posit-param: script to view command line parameters
echo "
\$0 = $0
\$1 = $1
\$2 = $2
\$3 = $3
\$4 = $4
\$5 = $5
\$6 = $6
\$7 = $7
\$8 = $8
\$9 = $9
"
[me@linuxbox ~]$ posit-param a b c d
$0 = /home/me/bin/posit-param
$1 = a
$2 = b
$3 = c
$4 = d
$5 =
$6 =
$7 =
$8 =
$9 =
shift - 访问多个参数的利器
执行一次 shift 命令， 就会导致所有的位置参数 “向下移动一个位置”。
#!/bin/bash
# posit-param2: script to display all arguments
# 只要参数个数不为零就会继续执行的 while 循环
count=1
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
echo "Argument $count = $1"
count=$((count + 1))
shift
done
[me@linuxbox ~]$ posit-param2 a b c d
Argument 1 = a
Argument 2 = b
Argument 3 = c
Argument 4 = d
处理集体位置参数
shell 提供了两种特殊的参数，他们二者都能扩展成完整的位置参数列表，但以相当微妙的方式略有不同。
|参数|描述 |------ |$*|展开成一个从1开始的位置参数列表。当它被用双引号引起来的时候，展开成一个由双引号引起来 的字符串，包含了所有的位置参数，每个位置参数由 shell 变量 IFS 的第一个字符（默认为一个空格）分隔开。 |$@|展开成一个从1开始的位置参数列表。当它被用双引号引起来的时候， 它把每一个位置参数展开成一个由双引号引起来的分开的字符串。
#!/bin/bash
# posit-params3 : script to demonstrate $* and $@
print_params () {
echo "\$1 = $1"
echo "\$2 = $2"
echo "\$3 = $3"
echo "\$4 = $4"
}
pass_params () {
echo -e "\n" '$* :'; print_params $*
echo -e "\n" '"$*" :'; print_params "$*"
echo -e "\n" '$@ :'; print_params $@
echo -e "\n" '"$@" :'; print_params "$@"
}
pass_params "word" "words with spaces"
[me@linuxbox ~]$ posit-param3
$* :
$1 = word
$2 = words
$3 = with
$4 = spaces
"$*" :
$1 = word words with spaces
$2 =
$3 =
$4 =
$@ :
$1 = word
$2 = words
$3 = with
$4 = spaces
"$@" :
$1 = word
$2 = words with spaces
$3 =
$4 =
一个更复杂的应用
#!/bin/bash
# sys_info_page: program to output a system information page
PROGNAME=$(basename $0)
TITLE="System Information Report For $HOSTNAME"
CURRENT_TIME=$(date +"%x %r %Z")
TIMESTAMP="Generated $CURRENT_TIME, by $USER"
report_uptime () {
cat <<- _EOF_
<H2>System Uptime</H2>
<PRE>$(uptime)</PRE>
_EOF_
return
}
report_disk_space () {
cat <<- _EOF_
<H2>Disk Space Utilization</H2>
<PRE>$(df -h)</PRE>
_EOF_
return
}
report_home_space () {
if [[ $(id -u) -eq 0 ]]; then
cat <<- _EOF_
<H2>Home Space Utilization (All Users)</H2>
<PRE>$(du -sh /home/*)</PRE>
_EOF_
else
cat <<- _EOF_
<H2>Home Space Utilization ($USER)</H2>
<PRE>$(du -sh $HOME)</PRE>
_EOF_
fi
return
}
usage () {
echo "$PROGNAME: usage: $PROGNAME [-f file | -i]"
return
}
write_html_page () {
cat <<- _EOF_
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>$TITLE</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>$TITLE</H1>
<P>$TIMESTAMP</P>
$(report_uptime)
$(report_disk_space)
$(report_home_space)
</BODY>
</HTML>
_EOF_
return
}
# process command line options
interactive=
filename=
while [[ -n $1 ]]; do
case $1 in
-f | --file) shift
filename=$1
;;
-i | --interactive) interactive=1
;;
-h | --help) usage
exit
;;
*) usage >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
shift
done
# interactive mode
if [[ -n $interactive ]]; then
while true; do
read -p "Enter name of output file: " filename
if [[ -e $filename ]]; then
read -p "'$filename' exists. Overwrite? [y/n/q] > "
case $REPLY in
Y|y) break
;;
Q|q) echo "Program terminated."
exit
;;
*) continue
;;
esac
fi
done
fi
# output html page
if [[ -n $filename ]]; then
if touch $filename && [[ -f $filename ]]; then
write_html_page > $filename
else
echo "$PROGNAME: Cannot write file '$filename'" >&2
exit 1
fi
else
write_html_page
fi