1051 lines
38 KiB
HTML
1051 lines
38 KiB
HTML
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<title>QuickJS Javascript Engine</title>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">QuickJS Javascript Engine</h1>
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<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
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<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
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<div class="contents">
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Introduction" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Main-Features" href="#Main-Features">1.1 Main Features</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Usage" href="#Usage">2 Usage</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Installation" href="#Installation">2.1 Installation</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Quick-start" href="#Quick-start">2.2 Quick start</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Command-line-options" href="#Command-line-options">2.3 Command line options</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-qjs-interpreter" href="#qjs-interpreter">2.3.1 <code>qjs</code> interpreter</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-qjsc-compiler" href="#qjsc-compiler">2.3.2 <code>qjsc</code> compiler</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-qjscalc-application" href="#qjscalc-application">2.4 <code>qjscalc</code> application</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Built_002din-tests" href="#Built_002din-tests">2.5 Built-in tests</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Test262-_0028ECMAScript-Test-Suite_0029" href="#Test262-_0028ECMAScript-Test-Suite_0029">2.6 Test262 (ECMAScript Test Suite)</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Specifications" href="#Specifications">3 Specifications</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Language-support" href="#Language-support">3.1 Language support</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-ES2019-support" href="#ES2019-support">3.1.1 ES2019 support</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-JSON" href="#JSON">3.1.2 JSON</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-ECMA402" href="#ECMA402">3.1.3 ECMA402</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Extensions" href="#Extensions">3.1.4 Extensions</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Mathematical-extensions" href="#Mathematical-extensions">3.1.5 Mathematical extensions</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Modules" href="#Modules">3.2 Modules</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Standard-library" href="#Standard-library">3.3 Standard library</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Global-objects" href="#Global-objects">3.3.1 Global objects</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-std-module" href="#std-module">3.3.2 <code>std</code> module</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-os-module" href="#os-module">3.3.3 <code>os</code> module</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-QuickJS-C-API" href="#QuickJS-C-API">3.4 QuickJS C API</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Runtime-and-contexts" href="#Runtime-and-contexts">3.4.1 Runtime and contexts</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-JSValue" href="#JSValue">3.4.2 JSValue</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-C-functions" href="#C-functions">3.4.3 C functions</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Exceptions" href="#Exceptions">3.4.4 Exceptions</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Script-evaluation" href="#Script-evaluation">3.4.5 Script evaluation</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-JS-Classes" href="#JS-Classes">3.4.6 JS Classes</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-C-Modules" href="#C-Modules">3.4.7 C Modules</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Memory-handling" href="#Memory-handling">3.4.8 Memory handling</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Execution-timeout-and-interrupts" href="#Execution-timeout-and-interrupts">3.4.9 Execution timeout and interrupts</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Internals" href="#Internals">4 Internals</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Bytecode" href="#Bytecode">4.1 Bytecode</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Executable-generation" href="#Executable-generation">4.2 Executable generation</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-qjsc-compiler-1" href="#qjsc-compiler-1">4.2.1 <code>qjsc</code> compiler</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Binary-JSON" href="#Binary-JSON">4.2.2 Binary JSON</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Runtime" href="#Runtime">4.3 Runtime</a>
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<ul class="no-bullet">
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<li><a name="toc-Strings" href="#Strings">4.3.1 Strings</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Objects" href="#Objects">4.3.2 Objects</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Atoms" href="#Atoms">4.3.3 Atoms</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Numbers" href="#Numbers">4.3.4 Numbers</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Garbage-collection" href="#Garbage-collection">4.3.5 Garbage collection</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-JSValue-1" href="#JSValue-1">4.3.6 JSValue</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Function-call" href="#Function-call">4.3.7 Function call</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-RegExp" href="#RegExp">4.4 RegExp</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-Unicode" href="#Unicode">4.5 Unicode</a></li>
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<li><a name="toc-BigInt-and-BigFloat" href="#BigInt-and-BigFloat">4.6 BigInt and BigFloat</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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<li><a name="toc-License" href="#License">5 License</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<a name="Introduction"></a>
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<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
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<p>QuickJS is a small and embeddable Javascript engine. It supports the
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ES2019 specification including modules, asynchronous
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generators and proxies.
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</p>
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<p>It optionally supports mathematical extensions such as big integers
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(BigInt), big floating point numbers (BigFloat) and operator
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overloading.
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</p>
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<a name="Main-Features"></a>
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<h3 class="section">1.1 Main Features</h3>
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<ul>
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<li> Small and easily embeddable: just a few C files, no external dependency, 180 KiB of x86 code for a simple “hello world” program.
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</li><li> Fast interpreter with very low startup time: runs the 56000 tests of the ECMAScript Test Suite<a name="DOCF1" href="#FOOT1"><sup>1</sup></a> in about 100 seconds on a single core of a desktop PC. The complete life cycle of a runtime instance completes in less than 300 microseconds.
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</li><li> Almost complete ES2019 support including modules, asynchronous
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generators and full Annex B support (legacy web compatibility).
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</li><li> Passes 100% of the ECMAScript Test Suite tests.
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</li><li> Can compile Javascript sources to executables with no external dependency.
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</li><li> Garbage collection using reference counting (to reduce memory usage and have deterministic behavior) with cycle removal.
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</li><li> Mathematical extensions: BigInt, BigFloat, operator overloading, bigint mode, math mode.
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</li><li> Command line interpreter with contextual colorization and completion implemented in Javascript.
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</li><li> Small built-in standard library with C library wrappers.
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</li></ul>
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<a name="Usage"></a>
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<h2 class="chapter">2 Usage</h2>
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<a name="Installation"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.1 Installation</h3>
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<p>A Makefile is provided to compile the engine on Linux or MacOS/X. A
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preliminary Windows support is available thru cross compilation on a
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Linux host with the MingGW tools.
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</p>
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<p>Edit the top of the <code>Makefile</code> if you wish to select specific
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options then run <code>make</code>.
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</p>
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<p>You can type <code>make install</code> as root if you wish to install the binaries and support files to
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<code>/usr/local</code> (this is not necessary to use QuickJS).
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</p>
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<a name="Quick-start"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.2 Quick start</h3>
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<p><code>qjs</code> is the command line interpreter (Read-Eval-Print Loop). You can pass
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Javascript files and/or expressions as arguments to execute them:
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">./qjs examples/hello.js
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</pre></div>
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<p><code>qjsc</code> is the command line compiler:
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">./qjsc -o hello examples/hello.js
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./hello
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</pre></div>
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<p>generates a <code>hello</code> executable with no external dependency.
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</p>
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<p><code>qjsbn</code> and <code>qjscbn</code> are the corresponding interpreter and
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compiler with the mathematical extensions:
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">./qjsbn examples/pi.js 1000
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</pre></div>
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<p>displays 1000 digits of PI.
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">./qjsbnc -o pi examples/pi.js
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./pi 1000
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</pre></div>
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<p>compiles and executes the PI program.
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</p>
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<a name="Command-line-options"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.3 Command line options</h3>
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<a name="qjs-interpreter"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">2.3.1 <code>qjs</code> interpreter</h4>
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<pre class="verbatim">usage: qjs [options] [files]
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</pre>
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<p>Options are:
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</p><dl compact="compact">
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<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
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<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
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<dd><p>List options.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-e <code>EXPR</code></code></dt>
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<dt><code>--eval <code>EXPR</code></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Evaluate EXPR.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
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<dt><code>--interactive</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Go to interactive mode (it is not the default when files are provided on the command line).
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
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<dt><code>--module</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Load as ES6 module (default if .mjs file extension).
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>Advanced options are:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
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<dt><code>--dump</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Dump the memory usage stats.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
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<dt><code>--quit</code></dt>
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<dd><p>just instantiate the interpreter and quit.
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="qjsc-compiler"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">2.3.2 <code>qjsc</code> compiler</h4>
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<pre class="verbatim">usage: qjsc [options] [files]
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</pre>
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<p>Options are:
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</p><dl compact="compact">
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<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Only output bytecode in a C file. The default is to output an executable file.
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</p></dd>
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<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Output <code>main()</code> and bytecode in a C file. The default is to output an
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executable file.
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</p></dd>
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<dt><code>-o output</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Set the output filename (default = <samp>out.c</samp> or <samp>a.out</samp>).
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-N cname</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Set the C name of the generated data.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile as Javascript module (default if <samp>.mjs</samp> extension).
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-M module_name[,cname]</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Add initialization code for an external C module. See the
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<code>c_module</code> example.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Byte swapped output (only used for cross compilation).
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-flto</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Use link time optimization. The compilation is slower but the
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executable is smaller and faster. This option is automatically set
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when the <code>-fno-x</code> options are used.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>-fno-[eval|string-normalize|regexp|json|proxy|map|typedarray|promise]</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Disable selected language features to produce a smaller executable file.
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="qjscalc-application"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.4 <code>qjscalc</code> application</h3>
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<p>The <code>qjscalc</code> application is a superset of the <code>qjsbn</code>
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command line interpreter implementing a Javascript calculator with
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arbitrarily large integer and floating point numbers, fractions,
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complex numbers, polynomials and matrices. The source code is in
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<samp>qjscalc.js</samp>. More documentation and a web version are available at
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<a href="http://numcalc.com">http://numcalc.com</a>.
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</p>
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<a name="Built_002din-tests"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.5 Built-in tests</h3>
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<p>Run <code>make test</code> to run the few built-in tests included in the
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QuickJS archive.
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</p>
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<a name="Test262-_0028ECMAScript-Test-Suite_0029"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.6 Test262 (ECMAScript Test Suite)</h3>
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<p>A test262 runner is included in the QuickJS archive.
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</p>
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<p>For reference, the full test262 tests are provided in the archive
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<samp>qjs-tests-yyyy-mm-dd.tar.xz</samp>. You just need to untar it into the
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QuickJS source code directory.
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</p>
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<p>Alternatively, the test262 tests can be installed with:
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</p>
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<div class="example">
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<pre class="example">git clone https://github.com/tc39/test262.git test262
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cd test262
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git checkout 94b1e80ab3440413df916cd56d29c5a2fa2ac451
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patch -p1 < ../tests/test262.patch
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cd ..
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</pre></div>
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<p>The patch adds the implementation specific <code>harness</code> functions
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and optimizes the inefficient RegExp character classes and Unicode
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property escapes tests (the tests themselves are not modified, only a
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slow string initialization function is optimized).
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</p>
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<p>The tests can be run with
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</p><div class="example">
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<pre class="example">make test2
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</pre></div>
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<p>For more information, run <code>./run-test262</code> to see the options of
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the test262 runner. The configuration files <code>test262.conf</code> and
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<code>test262bn.conf</code> contain the options to run the various tests.
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</p>
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<a name="Specifications"></a>
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<h2 class="chapter">3 Specifications</h2>
|
|
|
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<a name="Language-support"></a>
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<h3 class="section">3.1 Language support</h3>
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|
|
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<a name="ES2019-support"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.1.1 ES2019 support</h4>
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|
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<p>The ES2019 specification
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<a name="DOCF2" href="#FOOT2"><sup>2</sup></a> is almost fully
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supported including the Annex B (legacy web compatibility) and the
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Unicode related features. The following features are not supported
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yet:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li> Realms (althougth the C API supports different runtimes and contexts)
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</li><li> Tail calls<a name="DOCF3" href="#FOOT3"><sup>3</sup></a>
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</li></ul>
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<a name="JSON"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 JSON</h4>
|
|
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<p>The JSON parser is currently more tolerant than the specification.
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</p>
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<a name="ECMA402"></a>
|
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<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 ECMA402</h4>
|
|
|
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<p>ECMA402 (Internationalization API) is not supported.
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</p>
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<a name="Extensions"></a>
|
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<h4 class="subsection">3.1.4 Extensions</h4>
|
|
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<ul>
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<li> The directive <code>"use strip"</code> indicates that the debug information (including the source code of the functions) should not be retained to save memory. As <code>"use strict"</code>, the directive can be global to a script or local to a function.
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</li><li> The first line of a script beginning with <code>#!</code> is ignored.
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</li></ul>
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|
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<a name="Mathematical-extensions"></a>
|
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<h4 class="subsection">3.1.5 Mathematical extensions</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The mathematical extensions are available in the <code>qjsbn</code> version and are fully
|
|
backward compatible with standard Javascript. See <code>jsbignum.pdf</code>
|
|
for more information.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li> The <code>BigInt</code> (big integers) TC39 proposal is supported.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> <code>BigFloat</code> support: arbitrary large floating point numbers in base 2.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> Operator overloading.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> The directive <code>"use bigint"</code> enables the bigint mode where integers are <code>BigInt</code> by default.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> The directive <code>"use math"</code> enables the math mode where the division and power operators on integers produce fractions. Floating point literals are <code>BigFloat</code> by default and integers are <code>BigInt</code> by default.
|
|
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Modules"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">3.2 Modules</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>ES6 modules are fully supported. The default name resolution is the
|
|
following:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li> Module names with a leading <code>.</code> or <code>..</code> are relative
|
|
to the current module path.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> Module names without a leading <code>.</code> or <code>..</code> are system
|
|
modules, such as <code>std</code> or <code>os</code>.
|
|
|
|
</li><li> Module names ending with <code>.so</code> are native modules using the
|
|
QuickJS C API.
|
|
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Standard-library"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">3.3 Standard library</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The standard library is included by default in the command line
|
|
interpreter. It contains the two modules <code>std</code> and <code>os</code> and
|
|
a few global objects.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Global-objects"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Global objects</h4>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>scriptArgs</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Provides the command line arguments. The first argument is the script name.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>print(...args)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Print the arguments separated by spaces and a trailing newline.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>console.log(...args)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Same as print().
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<a name="std-module"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 <code>std</code> module</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <code>std</code> module provides wrappers to the libc <samp>stdlib.h</samp>
|
|
and <samp>stdio.h</samp> and a few other utilities.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Available exports:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>exit(n)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Exit the process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>evalScript(str)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Evaluate the string <code>str</code> as a script (global eval).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>loadScript(filename)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Evaluate the file <code>filename</code> as a script (global eval).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>Error(errno)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p><code>std.Error</code> constructor. Error instances contain the field
|
|
<code>errno</code> (error code) and <code>message</code> (result of
|
|
<code>std.Error.strerror(errno)</code>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The constructor contains the following fields:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>EINVAL</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EIO</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EACCES</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EEXIST</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>ENOSPC</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>ENOSYS</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EBUSY</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>ENOENT</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EPERM</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>EPIPE</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Integer value of common errors (additional error codes may be defined).
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>strerror(errno)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return a string that describes the error <code>errno</code>.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>open(filename, flags)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Open a file (wrapper to the libc <code>fopen()</code>). Throws
|
|
<code>std.Error</code> in case of I/O error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>tmpfile()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Open a temporary file. Throws <code>std.Error</code> in case of I/O error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>puts(str)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Equivalent to <code>std.out.puts(str)</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>printf(fmt, ...args)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Equivalent to <code>std.out.printf(fmt, ...args)</code>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>sprintf(fmt, ...args)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Equivalent to the libc sprintf().
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>in</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>out</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>err</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Wrappers to the libc file <code>stdin</code>, <code>stdout</code>, <code>stderr</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>SEEK_SET</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SEEK_CUR</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SEEK_END</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Constants for seek().
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>global</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Reference to the global object.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>gc()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Manually invoke the cycle removal algorithm. The cycle removal
|
|
algorithm is automatically started when needed, so this function is
|
|
useful in case of specific memory constraints or for testing.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>getenv(name)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the value of the environment variable <code>name</code> or
|
|
<code>undefined</code> if it is not defined.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>FILE prototype:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>close()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Close the file.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>puts(str)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Outputs the string with the UTF-8 encoding.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>printf(fmt, ...args)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Formatted printf, same formats as the libc printf.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>flush()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Flush the buffered file.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>seek(offset, whence)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Seek to a give file position (whence is <code>std.SEEK_*</code>). Throws a
|
|
<code>std.Error</code> in case of I/O error.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>tell()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the current file position.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>eof()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return true if end of file.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
<dt><code>fileno()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the associated OS handle.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>read(buffer, position, length)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Read <code>length</code> bytes from the file to the ArrayBuffer <code>buffer</code> at byte
|
|
position <code>position</code> (wrapper to the libc <code>fread</code>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>write(buffer, position, length)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Write <code>length</code> bytes to the file from the ArrayBuffer <code>buffer</code> at byte
|
|
position <code>position</code> (wrapper to the libc <code>fread</code>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>getline()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the next line from the file, assuming UTF-8 encoding, excluding
|
|
the trailing line feed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>getByte()</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the next byte from the file.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>putByte(c)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Write one byte to the file.
|
|
</p></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<a name="os-module"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.3 <code>os</code> module</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <code>os</code> module provides Operating System specific functions:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li> low level file access
|
|
</li><li> signals
|
|
</li><li> timers
|
|
</li><li> asynchronous I/O
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>The OS functions usually return 0 if OK or an OS specific negative
|
|
error code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Available exports:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
|
<dt><code>open(filename, flags, mode = 0o666)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Open a file. Return a handle or < 0 if error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>O_RDONLY</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_WRONLY</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_RDWR</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_APPEND</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_CREAT</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_EXCL</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>O_TRUNC</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>POSIX open flags.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>O_TEXT</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>(Windows specific). Open the file in text mode. The default is binary mode.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>close(fd)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Close the file handle <code>fd</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>seek(fd, offset, whence)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Seek in the file. Use <code>std.SEEK_*</code> for <code>whence</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>read(fd, buffer, offset, length)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Read <code>length</code> bytes from the file handle <code>fd</code> to the
|
|
ArrayBuffer <code>buffer</code> at byte position <code>offset</code>.
|
|
Return the number of read bytes or < 0 if error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>write(fd, buffer, offset, length)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Write <code>length</code> bytes to the file handle <code>fd</code> from the
|
|
ArrayBuffer <code>buffer</code> at byte position <code>offset</code>.
|
|
Return the number of written bytes or < 0 if error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>isatty(fd)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return <code>true</code> is <code>fd</code> is a TTY (terminal) handle.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>ttyGetWinSize(fd)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return the TTY size as <code>[width, height]</code> or <code>null</code> if not available.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>ttySetRaw(fd)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Set the TTY in raw mode.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>remove(filename)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Remove a file. Return 0 if OK or < 0 if error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>rename(oldname, newname)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Rename a file. Return 0 if OK or < 0 if error.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>setReadHandler(fd, func)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Add a read handler to the file handle <code>fd</code>. <code>func</code> is called
|
|
each time there is data pending for <code>fd</code>. A single read handler
|
|
per file handle is supported. Use <code>func = null</code> to remove the
|
|
hander.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>setWriteHandler(fd, func)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Add a write handler to the file handle <code>fd</code>. <code>func</code> is
|
|
called each time data can be written to <code>fd</code>. A single write
|
|
handler per file handle is supported. Use <code>func = null</code> to remove
|
|
the hander.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>signal(signal, func)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Call the function <code>func</code> when the signal <code>signal</code>
|
|
happens. Only a single handler per signal number is supported. Use
|
|
<code>null</code> to set the default handler or <code>undefined</code> to ignore
|
|
the signal.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGINT</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGABRT</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGFPE</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGILL</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGSEGV</code></dt>
|
|
<dt><code>SIGTERM</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>POSIX signal numbers.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>setTimeout(delay, func)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Call the function <code>func</code> after <code>delay</code> ms. Return a handle
|
|
to the timer.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>clearTimer(handle)</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Cancel a timer.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt><code>platform</code></dt>
|
|
<dd><p>Return a string representing the platform: <code>"linux"</code>, <code>"darwin"</code>,
|
|
<code>"win32"</code> or <code>"js"</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<a name="QuickJS-C-API"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">3.4 QuickJS C API</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The C API was designed to be simple and efficient. The C API is
|
|
defined in the header <code>quickjs.h</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Runtime-and-contexts"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Runtime and contexts</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p><code>JSRuntime</code> represents a Javascript runtime corresponding to an
|
|
object heap. Several runtimes can exist at the same time but they
|
|
cannot exchange objects. Inside a given runtime, no multi-threading is
|
|
supported.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><code>JSContext</code> represents a Javascript context (or Realm). Each
|
|
JSContext has its own global objects and system objects. There can be
|
|
several JSContexts per JSRuntime and they can share objects, similary
|
|
to frames of the same origin sharing Javascript objects in a
|
|
web browser.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="JSValue"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 JSValue</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p><code>JSValue</code> represents a Javascript value which can be a primitive
|
|
type or an object. Reference counting is used, so it is important to
|
|
explicitely duplicate (<code>JS_DupValue()</code>, increment the reference
|
|
count) or free (<code>JS_FreeValue()</code>, decrement the reference count)
|
|
JSValues.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="C-functions"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.3 C functions</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>C functions can be created with
|
|
<code>JS_NewCFunction()</code>. <code>JS_SetPropertyFunctionList()</code> is a
|
|
shortcut to easily add functions, setters and getters properties to a
|
|
given object.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Unlike other embedded Javascript engines, there is no implicit stack,
|
|
so C functions get their parameters as normal C parameters. As a
|
|
general rule, C functions take constant <code>JSValue</code>s as parameters
|
|
(so they don’t need to free them) and return a newly allocated (=live)
|
|
<code>JSValue</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Exceptions"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.4 Exceptions</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Exceptions: most C functions can return a Javascript exception. It
|
|
must be explicitely tested and handled by the C code. The specific
|
|
<code>JSValue</code> <code>JS_EXCEPTION</code> indicates that an exception
|
|
occured. The actual exception object is stored in the
|
|
<code>JSContext</code> and can be retrieved with <code>JS_GetException()</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Script-evaluation"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.5 Script evaluation</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Use <code>JS_Eval()</code> to evaluate a script or module source.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>If the script or module was compiled to bytecode with <code>qjsc</code>,
|
|
<code>JS_EvalBinary()</code> achieves the same result. The advantage is that
|
|
no compilation is needed so it is faster and smaller because the compiler
|
|
can be removed from the executable if no <code>eval</code> is required.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Note: the bytecode format is linked to a given QuickJS
|
|
version. Moreover, no security check is done before its
|
|
execution. Hence the bytecode should not be loaded from untrusted
|
|
sources. That’s why there is no option to output the bytecode to a
|
|
binary file in <code>qjsc</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="JS-Classes"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.6 JS Classes</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>C opaque data can be attached to a Javascript object. The type of the
|
|
C opaque data is determined with the class ID (<code>JSClassID</code>) of
|
|
the object. Hence the first step is to register a new class ID and JS
|
|
class (<code>JS_NewClassID()</code>, <code>JS_NewClass()</code>). Then you can
|
|
create objects of this class with <code>JS_NewObjectClass()</code> and get or
|
|
set the C opaque point with
|
|
<code>JS_GetOpaque()</code>/<code>JS_SetOpaque()</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>When defining a new JS class, it is possible to declare a finalizer
|
|
which is called when the object is destroyed. A <code>gc_mark</code> method
|
|
can be provided so that the cycle removal algorithm can find the other
|
|
objects referenced by this object. Other methods are available to
|
|
define exotic object behaviors.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The Class ID are globally allocated (i.e. for all runtimes). The
|
|
JSClass are allocated per <code>JSRuntime</code>. <code>JS_SetClassProto()</code>
|
|
is used to define a prototype for a given class in a given
|
|
JSContext. <code>JS_NewObjectClass()</code> sets this prototype in the
|
|
created object.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Examples are available in <samp>js_libc.c</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="C-Modules"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.7 C Modules</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Native ES6 modules are supported and can be dynamically or statically
|
|
linked. Look at the <samp>test_bjson</samp> and <samp>bjson.so</samp>
|
|
examples. The standard library <samp>js_libc.c</samp> is also a good example
|
|
of a native module.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Memory-handling"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.8 Memory handling</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Use <code>JS_SetMemoryLimit()</code> to set a global memory allocation limit
|
|
to a given JSRuntime.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Custom memory allocation functions can be provided with
|
|
<code>JS_NewRuntime2()</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The maximum system stack size can be set with <code>JS_SetMaxStackSize()</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Execution-timeout-and-interrupts"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">3.4.9 Execution timeout and interrupts</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Use <code>JS_SetInterruptHandler()</code> to set a callback which is
|
|
regularly called by the engine when it is executing code. This
|
|
callback can be used to implement an execution timeout.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>It is used by the command line interpreter to implement a
|
|
<code>Ctrl-C</code> handler.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Internals"></a>
|
|
<h2 class="chapter">4 Internals</h2>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Bytecode"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.1 Bytecode</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The compiler generates bytecode directly with no intermediate
|
|
representation such as a parse tree, hence it is very fast. Several
|
|
optimizations passes are done over the generated bytecode.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A stack-based bytecode was chosen because it is simple and generates
|
|
compact code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>For each function, the maximum stack size is computed at compile time so that
|
|
no runtime stack overflow tests are needed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A separate compressed line number table is maintained for the debug
|
|
information.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Access to closure variables is optimized and is almost as fast as local
|
|
variables.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Direct <code>eval</code> in strict mode is optimized.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Executable-generation"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.2 Executable generation</h3>
|
|
|
|
<a name="qjsc-compiler-1"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.2.1 <code>qjsc</code> compiler</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <code>qjsc</code> compiler generates C sources from Javascript files. By
|
|
default the C sources are compiled with the system compiler
|
|
(<code>gcc</code> or <code>clang</code>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The generated C source contains the bytecode of the compiled functions
|
|
or modules. If a full complete executable is needed, it also
|
|
contains a <code>main()</code> function with the necessary C code to initialize the
|
|
Javascript engine and to load and execute the compiled functions and
|
|
modules.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Javascript code can be mixed with C modules.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>In order to have smaller executables, specific Javascript features can
|
|
be disabled, in particular <code>eval</code> or the regular expressions. The
|
|
code removal relies on the Link Time Optimization of the system
|
|
compiler.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Binary-JSON"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.2.2 Binary JSON</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p><code>qjsc</code> works by compiling scripts or modules and then serializing
|
|
them to a binary format. A subset of this format (without functions or
|
|
modules) can be used as binary JSON. The example <samp>test_bjson.js</samp>
|
|
shows how to use it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Warning: the binary JSON format may change without notice, so it
|
|
should not be used to store persistent data. The <samp>test_bjson.js</samp>
|
|
example is only used to test the binary object format functions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Runtime"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.3 Runtime</h3>
|
|
|
|
<a name="Strings"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 Strings</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Strings are stored either as an 8 bit or a 16 bit array of
|
|
characters. Hence random access to characters is always fast.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The C API provides functions to convert Javascript Strings to C UTF-8 encoded
|
|
strings. The most common case where the Javascript string contains
|
|
only ASCII characters involves no copying.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Objects"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 Objects</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The object shapes (object prototype, property names and flags) are shared
|
|
between objects to save memory.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Arrays with no holes (except at the end of the array) are optimized.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>TypedArray accesses are optimized.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Atoms"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.3 Atoms</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Object property names and some strings are stored as Atoms (unique
|
|
strings) to save memory and allow fast comparison. Atoms are
|
|
represented as a 32 bit integer. Half of the atom range is reserved for
|
|
immediate integer literals from <em>0</em> to <em>2^{31}-1</em>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Numbers"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.4 Numbers</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Numbers are represented either as 32-bit signed integers or 64-bit IEEE-754
|
|
floating point values. Most operations have fast paths for the 32-bit
|
|
integer case.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Garbage-collection"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.5 Garbage collection</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Reference counting is used to free objects automatically and
|
|
deterministically. A separate cycle removal pass is done when the allocated
|
|
memory becomes too large. The cycle removal algorithm only uses the
|
|
reference counts and the object content, so no explicit garbage
|
|
collection roots need to be manipulated in the C code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="JSValue-1"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.6 JSValue</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>It is a Javascript value which can be a primitive type (such as
|
|
Number, String, ...) or an Object. NaN boxing is used in the 32-bit version
|
|
to store 64-bit floating point numbers. The representation is
|
|
optimized so that 32-bit integers and reference counted values can be
|
|
efficiently tested.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>In 64-bit code, JSValue are 128-bit large and no NaN boxing is used. The
|
|
rationale is that in 64-bit code memory usage is less critical.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>In both cases (32 or 64 bits), JSValue exactly fits two CPU registers,
|
|
so it can be efficiently returned by C functions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Function-call"></a>
|
|
<h4 class="subsection">4.3.7 Function call</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>The engine is optimized so that function calls are fast. The system
|
|
stack holds the Javascript parameters and local variables.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="RegExp"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.4 RegExp</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>A specific regular expression engine was developped. It is both small
|
|
and efficient and supports all the ES2019 features including the
|
|
Unicode properties. As the Javascript compiler, it directly generates
|
|
bytecode without a parse tree.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Backtracking with an explicit stack is used so that there is no
|
|
recursion on the system stack. Simple quantizers are specifically
|
|
optimized to avoid recursions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Infinite recursions coming from quantizers with empty terms are
|
|
avoided.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The full regexp library weights about 15 KiB (x86 code), excluding the
|
|
Unicode library.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Unicode"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.5 Unicode</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>A specific Unicode library was developped so that there is no
|
|
dependency on an external large Unicode library such as ICU. All the
|
|
Unicode tables are compressed while keeping a reasonnable access
|
|
speed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The library supports case conversion, Unicode normalization, Unicode
|
|
script queries, Unicode general category queries and all Unicode
|
|
binary properties.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The full Unicode library weights about 45 KiB (x86 code).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="BigInt-and-BigFloat"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">4.6 BigInt and BigFloat</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>BigInt and BigFloat are implemented with the <code>libbf</code>
|
|
library<a name="DOCF4" href="#FOOT4"><sup>4</sup></a>. It weights about 60
|
|
KiB (x86 code) and provides arbitrary precision IEEE 754 floating
|
|
point operations and transcendental functions with exact rounding.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="License"></a>
|
|
<h2 class="chapter">5 License</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>QuickJS is released under the MIT license.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Unless otherwise specified, the QuickJS sources are copyright Fabrice
|
|
Bellard and Charlie Gordon.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="footnote">
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="FOOT1" href="#DOCF1">(1)</a></h3>
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/tc39/test262">https://github.com/tc39/test262</a></p>
|
|
<h3><a name="FOOT2" href="#DOCF2">(2)</a></h3>
|
|
<p><a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/">https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/</a></p>
|
|
<h3><a name="FOOT3" href="#DOCF3">(3)</a></h3>
|
|
<p>We believe the current specification of tails calls is too complicated and presents limited practical interests.</p>
|
|
<h3><a name="FOOT4" href="#DOCF4">(4)</a></h3>
|
|
<p><a href="https://bellard.org/libbf">https://bellard.org/libbf</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|