Tutorials: two new horn antenna tutorials

pull/1/head v0.0.25
Thorsten Liebig 2011-11-30 14:59:12 +01:00
parent 5b8dfba6cf
commit 943846611b
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%
% Tutorials / conical horn antenna
%
% Describtion at:
% http://openems.de/index.php/Tutorial:_Conical_Horn_Antenna
%
% Tested with
% - Matlab 2011a
% - openEMS v0.0.25
%
% (C) 2011 Thorsten Liebig <thorsten.liebig@uni-due.de>
close all
clear
clc
%% setup the simulation
physical_constants;
unit = 1e-3; % all length in mm
% horn radius
horn.radius = 20;
% horn length in z-direction
horn.length = 50;
horn.feed_length = 50;
horn.thickness = 2;
% horn opening angle
horn.angle = 20*pi/180;
% size of the simulation box
SimBox = [100 100 100]*2;
% frequency range of interest
f_start = 10e9;
f_stop = 20e9;
% frequency of interest
f0 = 15e9;
%% mode functions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% by David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, third edition, page 113
freq = linspace(f_start,f_stop,201);
p11 = 1.841;
kc = p11 / horn.radius /unit;
k = 2*pi*freq/C0;
fc = C0*kc/2/pi;
beta = sqrt(k.^2 - kc^2);
ZL_a = k * Z0 ./ beta; %analytic waveguide impedance
% mode profile E- and H-field
kc = kc*unit
func_Er = [ num2str(-1/kc^2,'%14.13f') '/rho*cos(a)*j1(' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho)'];
func_Ea = [ num2str(1/kc,'%14.13f') '*sin(a)*0.5*(j0(' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho)-jn(2,' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho))'];
func_Ex = ['(' func_Er '*cos(a) - ' func_Ea '*sin(a) ) * (rho<' num2str(horn.radius) ')'];
func_Ey = ['(' func_Er '*sin(a) + ' func_Ea '*cos(a) ) * (rho<' num2str(horn.radius) ')'];
func_Ha = [ num2str(-1/kc^2,'%14.13f') '/rho*cos(a)*j1(' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho)'];
func_Hr = [ '-1*' num2str(1/kc,'%14.13f') '*sin(a)*0.5*(j0(' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho)-jn(2,' num2str(kc,'%14.13f') '*rho))'];
func_Hx = ['(' func_Hr '*cos(a) - ' func_Ha '*sin(a) ) * (rho<' num2str(horn.radius) ')'];
func_Hy = ['(' func_Hr '*sin(a) + ' func_Ha '*cos(a) ) * (rho<' num2str(horn.radius) ')'];
disp([' Cutoff frequencies for this mode and wavguide is: ' num2str(fc/1e9) ' GHz']);
if (f_start<fc)
warning('openEMS:example','f_start is smaller than the cutoff-frequency, this may result in a long simulation... ');
end
%% setup FDTD parameter & excitation function
FDTD = InitFDTD( 30000, 1e-5 );
FDTD = SetGaussExcite(FDTD,0.5*(f_start+f_stop),0.5*(f_stop-f_start));
BC = {'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8'}; % boundary conditions
FDTD = SetBoundaryCond( FDTD, BC );
%% setup CSXCAD geometry & mesh
% currently, openEMS cannot automatically generate a mesh
max_res = c0 / (f_stop) / unit / 15; % cell size: lambda/20
CSX = InitCSX();
%create fixed lines for the simulation box, substrate and port
mesh.x = [-SimBox(1)/2 -horn.radius 0 horn.radius SimBox(1)/2];
mesh.x = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.x, max_res, 1.4); % create a smooth mesh between specified fixed mesh lines
mesh.y = mesh.x;
%create fixed lines for the simulation box and given number of lines inside the substrate
mesh.z = [-horn.feed_length 0 SimBox(3) ];
mesh.z = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.z, max_res, 1.4 );
CSX = DefineRectGrid( CSX, unit, mesh );
%% create horn
% horn + waveguide, defined by a rotational polygon
CSX = AddMetal(CSX, 'Conical_Horn');
p(1,1) = horn.radius+horn.thickness; % x-coord point 1
p(2,1) = -horn.feed_length; % z-coord point 1
p(1,end+1) = horn.radius+horn.thickness; % x-coord point 1
p(2,end) = 0; % z-coord point 1
p(1,end+1) = horn.radius+horn.thickness + sin(horn.angle)*horn.length; % x-coord point 2
p(2,end) = horn.length; % y-coord point 2
p(1,end+1) = horn.radius + sin(horn.angle)*horn.length; % x-coord point 2
p(2,end) = horn.length; % y-coord point 2
p(1,end+1) = horn.radius; % x-coord point 1
p(2,end) = 0; % z-coord point 1
p(1,end+1) = horn.radius; % x-coord point 1
p(2,end) = -horn.feed_length; % z-coord point 1
CSX = AddRotPoly(CSX,'Conical_Horn',10,0,2,p);
% horn aperture
A = pi*((horn.radius + sin(horn.angle)*horn.length)*unit)^2;
% %% apply the excitation %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% xy-mode profile excitation located directly on top of pml (first 8 z-lines)
CSX = AddExcitation(CSX,'excite',0,[1 1 0]);
weight{1} = func_Ex;
weight{2} = func_Ey;
weight{3} = 0;
CSX = SetExcitationWeight(CSX,'excite',weight);
start=[0 0 mesh.z(8)-0.1 ];
stop =[0 0 mesh.z(8)+0.1 ];
CSX = AddCylinder(CSX,'excite',0 ,start,stop,horn.radius);
%% voltage and current definitions using the mode matching probes %%%%%%%%%
%port 1
start = [-horn.radius -horn.radius mesh.z(1)+horn.feed_length/2];
stop = [ horn.radius horn.radius mesh.z(1)+horn.feed_length/2]
CSX = AddProbe(CSX, 'ut1', 10, 1, [], 'ModeFunction',{func_Ex,func_Ey,0});
CSX = AddBox(CSX, 'ut1', 0 ,start,stop);
CSX = AddProbe(CSX,'it1', 11, 1, [], 'ModeFunction',{func_Hx,func_Hy,0});
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'it1', 0 ,start,stop);
%% nf2ff calc
start = [mesh.x(9) mesh.y(9) mesh.z(9)];
stop = [mesh.x(end-8) mesh.y(end-8) mesh.z(end-8)];
[CSX nf2ff] = CreateNF2FFBox(CSX, 'nf2ff', start, stop, [1 1 1 1 0 1]);
%% prepare simulation folder
Sim_Path = 'tmp';
Sim_CSX = 'horn_ant.xml';
[status, message, messageid] = rmdir( Sim_Path, 's' ); % clear previous directory
[status, message, messageid] = mkdir( Sim_Path ); % create empty simulation folder
%% write openEMS compatible xml-file
WriteOpenEMS( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX], FDTD, CSX );
%% show the structure
CSXGeomPlot( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX] );
%% run openEMS
RunOpenEMS( Sim_Path, Sim_CSX ,'--debug-PEC');
%% postprocessing & do the plots
U = ReadUI( 'ut1', Sim_Path, freq ); % time domain/freq domain voltage
I = ReadUI( 'it1', Sim_Path, freq ); % time domain/freq domain current (half time step is corrected)
% plot reflection coefficient S11
figure
uf_inc = 0.5*(U.FD{1}.val + I.FD{1}.val .* ZL_a);
if_inc = 0.5*(I.FD{1}.val + U.FD{1}.val ./ ZL_a);
uf_ref = U.FD{1}.val - uf_inc;
if_ref = if_inc - I.FD{1}.val;
s11 = uf_ref ./ uf_inc;
plot( freq/1e9, 20*log10(abs(s11)), 'k-', 'Linewidth', 2 );
ylim([-60 0]);
grid on
title( 'reflection coefficient S_{11}' );
xlabel( 'frequency f / GHz' );
ylabel( 'reflection coefficient |S_{11}|' );
P_in = 0.5*uf_inc .* conj( if_inc ); % antenna feed power
%% NFFF contour plots %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% calculate the far field at phi=0 degrees and at phi=90 degrees
thetaRange = (0:2:359) - 180;
r = 1; % evaluate fields at radius r
disp( 'calculating far field at phi=[0 90] deg...' );
[E_far_theta,E_far_phi,Prad,Dmax] = AnalyzeNF2FF( Sim_Path, nf2ff, f0, thetaRange, [0 90], r );
Dlog=10*log10(Dmax);
G_a = 4*pi*A/(c0/f0)^2;
e_a = Dmax/G_a;
% display some antenna parameter
disp( ['radiated power: Prad = ' num2str(Prad) ' Watt']);
disp( ['directivity: Dmax = ' num2str(Dlog) ' dBi'] );
disp( ['aperture efficiency: e_a = ' num2str(e_a*100) '%'] );
%%
% calculate the e-field magnitude for phi = 0 deg
E_phi0_far = zeros(1,numel(thetaRange));
for n=1:numel(thetaRange)
E_phi0_far(n) = norm( [E_far_theta(n,1) E_far_phi(n,1)] );
end
E_phi0_far_log = 20*log10(abs(E_phi0_far)/max(abs(E_phi0_far)));
E_phi0_far_log = E_phi0_far_log + Dlog;
% display polar plot
figure
plot( thetaRange, E_phi0_far_log ,'k-' );
xlabel( 'theta (deg)' );
ylabel( 'directivity (dBi)');
grid on;
hold on;
% calculate the e-field magnitude for phi = 90 deg
E_phi90_far = zeros(1,numel(thetaRange));
for n=1:numel(thetaRange)
E_phi90_far(n) = norm([E_far_theta(n,2) E_far_phi(n,2)]);
end
E_phi90_far_log = 20*log10(abs(E_phi90_far)/max(abs(E_phi90_far)));
E_phi90_far_log = E_phi90_far_log + Dlog;
% display polar plot
plot( thetaRange, E_phi90_far_log ,'r-' );
legend('phi=0','phi=90')
%% calculate 3D pattern
phiRange = sort( unique( [-180:5:-100 -100:2.5:-50 -50:1:50 50:2.5:100 100:5:180] ) );
thetaRange = sort( unique([ 0:1:50 50:2.:100 100:5:180 ]));
r = 1; % evaluate fields at radius r
disp( 'calculating 3D far field...' );
[E_far_theta,E_far_phi] = AnalyzeNF2FF( Sim_Path, nf2ff, f0, thetaRange, phiRange, r );
E_far = sqrt( abs(E_far_theta).^2 + abs(E_far_phi).^2 );
E_far_normalized = E_far / max(E_far(:)) * Dmax;
[theta,phi] = ndgrid(thetaRange/180*pi,phiRange/180*pi);
x = E_far_normalized .* sin(theta) .* cos(phi);
y = E_far_normalized .* sin(theta) .* sin(phi);
z = E_far_normalized .* cos(theta);
figure
surf( x,y,z, E_far_normalized, 'EdgeColor','none' );
axis equal
axis off
xlabel( 'x' );
ylabel( 'y' );
zlabel( 'z' );
%%
DumpFF2VTK('Conical_Horn_Pattern.vtk',E_far_normalized,thetaRange,phiRange,1e-3);

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%
% Tutorials / horn antenna
%
% Describtion at:
% http://openems.de/index.php/Tutorial:_Horn_Antenna
%
% Tested with
% - Matlab 2011a
% - openEMS v0.0.25
%
% (C) 2011 Thorsten Liebig <thorsten.liebig@uni-due.de>
close all
clear
clc
%% setup the simulation
physical_constants;
unit = 1e-3; % all length in mm
% horn width in x-direction
horn.width = 20;
% horn height in y-direction
horn.height = 30;
% horn length in z-direction
horn.length = 50;
horn.feed_length = 50;
horn.thickness = 2;
% horn opening angle in x, y
horn.angle = [20 20]*pi/180;
% size of the simulation box
SimBox = [200 200 200];
% frequency range of interest
f_start = 10e9;
f_stop = 20e9;
% frequency of interest
f0 = 15e9;
%waveguide TE-mode definition
m = 1;
n = 0;
%% mode functions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% by David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, third edition, page 113
freq = linspace(f_start,f_stop,201);
a = horn.width;
b = horn.height;
k = 2*pi*freq/c0;
kc = sqrt((m*pi/a/unit)^2 + (n*pi/b/unit)^2);
fc = c0*kc/2/pi; %cut-off frequency
beta = sqrt(k.^2 - kc^2); %waveguide phase-constant
ZL_a = k * Z0 ./ beta; %analytic waveguide impedance
% mode profile E- and H-field
x_pos = ['(x-' num2str(a/2) ')'];
y_pos = ['(y-' num2str(b/2) ')'];
func_Ex = [num2str( n/b/unit) '*cos(' num2str(m*pi/a) '*' x_pos ')*sin(' num2str(n*pi/b) '*' y_pos ')'];
func_Ey = [num2str(-m/a/unit) '*sin(' num2str(m*pi/a) '*' x_pos ')*cos(' num2str(n*pi/b) '*' y_pos ')'];
func_Hx = [num2str(m/a/unit) '*sin(' num2str(m*pi/a) '*' x_pos ')*cos(' num2str(n*pi/b) '*' y_pos ')'];
func_Hy = [num2str(n/b/unit) '*cos(' num2str(m*pi/a) '*' x_pos ')*sin(' num2str(n*pi/b) '*' y_pos ')'];
disp([' Cutoff frequencies for this mode and wavguide is: ' num2str(fc/1e9) ' GHz']);
if (f_start<fc)
warning('openEMS:example','f_start is smaller than the cutoff-frequency, this may result in a long simulation... ');
end
%% setup FDTD parameter & excitation function
FDTD = InitFDTD( 30000, 1e-5 );
FDTD = SetGaussExcite(FDTD,0.5*(f_start+f_stop),0.5*(f_stop-f_start));
BC = {'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8' 'PML_8'}; % boundary conditions
FDTD = SetBoundaryCond( FDTD, BC );
%% setup CSXCAD geometry & mesh
% currently, openEMS cannot automatically generate a mesh
max_res = c0 / (f_stop) / unit / 15; % cell size: lambda/20
CSX = InitCSX();
%create fixed lines for the simulation box, substrate and port
mesh.x = [-SimBox(1)/2 -a/2 a/2 SimBox(1)/2];
mesh.x = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.x, max_res, 1.4); % create a smooth mesh between specified fixed mesh lines
mesh.y = [-SimBox(2)/2 -b/2 b/2 SimBox(2)/2];
mesh.y = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.y, max_res, 1.4 );
%create fixed lines for the simulation box and given number of lines inside the substrate
mesh.z = [-horn.feed_length 0 SimBox(3)-horn.feed_length ];
mesh.z = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.z, max_res, 1.4 );
CSX = DefineRectGrid( CSX, unit, mesh );
%% create horn
% horn feed rect waveguide
CSX = AddMetal(CSX, 'horn');
start = [-a/2-horn.thickness -b/2 mesh.z(1)];
stop = [-a/2 b/2 0];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'horn',10,start,stop);
start = [a/2+horn.thickness -b/2 mesh.z(1)];
stop = [a/2 b/2 0];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'horn',10,start,stop);
start = [-a/2-horn.thickness b/2+horn.thickness mesh.z(1)];
stop = [ a/2+horn.thickness b/2 0];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'horn',10,start,stop);
start = [-a/2-horn.thickness -b/2-horn.thickness mesh.z(1)];
stop = [ a/2+horn.thickness -b/2 0];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'horn',10,start,stop);
% horn opening
p(2,1) = a/2;
p(1,1) = 0;
p(2,2) = a/2 + sin(horn.angle(1))*horn.length;
p(1,2) = horn.length;
p(2,3) = -a/2 - sin(horn.angle(1))*horn.length;
p(1,3) = horn.length;
p(2,4) = -a/2;
p(1,4) = 0;
CSX = AddLinPoly( CSX, 'horn', 10, 1, -horn.thickness/2, p, horn.thickness, 'Transform', {'Rotate_X',horn.angle(2),'Translate',['0,' num2str(-b/2-horn.thickness/2) ',0']});
CSX = AddLinPoly( CSX, 'horn', 10, 1, -horn.thickness/2, p, horn.thickness, 'Transform', {'Rotate_X',-horn.angle(2),'Translate',['0,' num2str(b/2+horn.thickness/2) ',0']});
p(1,1) = b/2+horn.thickness;
p(2,1) = 0;
p(1,2) = b/2+horn.thickness + sin(horn.angle(2))*horn.length;
p(2,2) = horn.length;
p(1,3) = -b/2-horn.thickness - sin(horn.angle(2))*horn.length;
p(2,3) = horn.length;
p(1,4) = -b/2-horn.thickness;
p(2,4) = 0;
CSX = AddLinPoly( CSX, 'horn', 10, 0, -horn.thickness/2, p, horn.thickness, 'Transform', {'Rotate_Y',-horn.angle(2),'Translate',[ num2str(-a/2-horn.thickness/2) ',0,0']});
CSX = AddLinPoly( CSX, 'horn', 10, 0, -horn.thickness/2, p, horn.thickness, 'Transform', {'Rotate_Y',+horn.angle(2),'Translate',[ num2str(a/2+horn.thickness/2) ',0,0']});
% horn aperture
A = (a + 2*sin(horn.angle(1))*horn.length)*unit * (b + 2*sin(horn.angle(2))*horn.length)*unit;
% %% apply the excitation %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% xy-mode profile excitation located directly on top of pml (first 8 z-lines)
CSX = AddExcitation(CSX,'excite',0,[1 1 0]);
weight{1} = func_Ex;
weight{2} = func_Ey;
weight{3} = 0;
CSX = SetExcitationWeight(CSX,'excite',weight);
start=[-a/2 -b/2 mesh.z(8) ];
stop =[ a/2 b/2 mesh.z(8) ];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'excite',0 ,start,stop);
%% voltage and current definitions using the mode matching probes %%%%%%%%%
%port 1
start(3) = mesh.z(1)+horn.feed_length/2;
stop(3) = start(3);
CSX = AddProbe(CSX, 'ut1', 10, 1, [], 'ModeFunction',{func_Ex,func_Ey,0});
CSX = AddBox(CSX, 'ut1', 0 ,start,stop);
CSX = AddProbe(CSX,'it1', 11, 1, [], 'ModeFunction',{func_Hx,func_Hy,0});
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'it1', 0 ,start,stop);
%% nf2ff calc
start = [mesh.x(9) mesh.y(9) mesh.z(9)];
stop = [mesh.x(end-8) mesh.y(end-8) mesh.z(end-8)];
[CSX nf2ff] = CreateNF2FFBox(CSX, 'nf2ff', start, stop, [1 1 1 1 0 1]);
%% prepare simulation folder
Sim_Path = 'tmp';
Sim_CSX = 'horn_ant.xml';
[status, message, messageid] = rmdir( Sim_Path, 's' ); % clear previous directory
[status, message, messageid] = mkdir( Sim_Path ); % create empty simulation folder
%% write openEMS compatible xml-file
WriteOpenEMS([Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX], FDTD, CSX);
%% show the structure
CSXGeomPlot([Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX]);
%% run openEMS
RunOpenEMS(Sim_Path, Sim_CSX);
%% postprocessing & do the plots
U = ReadUI( 'ut1', Sim_Path, freq ); % time domain/freq domain voltage
I = ReadUI( 'it1', Sim_Path, freq ); % time domain/freq domain current (half time step is corrected)
% plot reflection coefficient S11
figure
uf_inc = 0.5*(U.FD{1}.val + I.FD{1}.val .* ZL_a);
if_inc = 0.5*(I.FD{1}.val + U.FD{1}.val ./ ZL_a);
uf_ref = U.FD{1}.val - uf_inc;
if_ref = if_inc - I.FD{1}.val;
s11 = uf_ref ./ uf_inc;
plot( freq/1e9, 20*log10(abs(s11)), 'k-', 'Linewidth', 2 );
ylim([-60 0]);
grid on
title( 'reflection coefficient S_{11}' );
xlabel( 'frequency f / GHz' );
ylabel( 'reflection coefficient |S_{11}|' );
P_in = 0.5*uf_inc .* conj( if_inc ); % antenna feed power
%% NFFF contour plots %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% calculate the far field at phi=0 degrees and at phi=90 degrees
thetaRange = (0:2:359) - 180;
r = 1; % evaluate fields at radius r
disp( 'calculating far field at phi=[0 90] deg...' );
[E_far_theta,E_far_phi,Prad,Dmax] = AnalyzeNF2FF( Sim_Path, nf2ff, f0, thetaRange, [0 90], r );
Dlog=10*log10(Dmax);
G_a = 4*pi*A/(c0/f0)^2;
e_a = Dmax/G_a;
% display some antenna parameter
disp( ['radiated power: Prad = ' num2str(Prad) ' Watt']);
disp( ['directivity: Dmax = ' num2str(Dlog) ' dBi'] );
disp( ['aperture efficiency: e_a = ' num2str(e_a*100) '%'] );
%%
% calculate the e-field magnitude for phi = 0 deg
E_phi0_far = zeros(1,numel(thetaRange));
for n=1:numel(thetaRange)
E_phi0_far(n) = norm( [E_far_theta(n,1) E_far_phi(n,1)] );
end
E_phi0_far_log = 20*log10(abs(E_phi0_far)/max(abs(E_phi0_far)));
E_phi0_far_log = E_phi0_far_log + Dlog;
% display polar plot
figure
plot( thetaRange, E_phi0_far_log ,'k-' );
xlabel( 'theta (deg)' );
ylabel( 'directivity (dBi)');
grid on;
hold on;
% calculate the e-field magnitude for phi = 90 deg
E_phi90_far = zeros(1,numel(thetaRange));
for n=1:numel(thetaRange)
E_phi90_far(n) = norm([E_far_theta(n,2) E_far_phi(n,2)]);
end
E_phi90_far_log = 20*log10(abs(E_phi90_far)/max(abs(E_phi90_far)));
E_phi90_far_log = E_phi90_far_log + Dlog;
% display polar plot
plot( thetaRange, E_phi90_far_log ,'r-' );
legend('phi=0','phi=90')
%% calculate 3D pattern
phiRange = sort( unique( [-180:5:-100 -100:2.5:-50 -50:1:50 50:2.5:100 100:5:180] ) );
thetaRange = sort( unique([ 0:1:50 50:2.:100 100:5:180 ]));
r = 1; % evaluate fields at radius r
disp( 'calculating 3D far field...' );
[E_far_theta,E_far_phi] = AnalyzeNF2FF( Sim_Path, nf2ff, f0, thetaRange, phiRange, r );
E_far = sqrt( abs(E_far_theta).^2 + abs(E_far_phi).^2 );
E_far_normalized = E_far / max(E_far(:)) * Dmax;
[theta,phi] = ndgrid(thetaRange/180*pi,phiRange/180*pi);
x = E_far_normalized .* sin(theta) .* cos(phi);
y = E_far_normalized .* sin(theta) .* sin(phi);
z = E_far_normalized .* cos(theta);
figure
surf( x,y,z, E_far_normalized, 'EdgeColor','none' );
axis equal
axis off
xlabel( 'x' );
ylabel( 'y' );
zlabel( 'z' );
%%
DumpFF2VTK('Horn_Pattern.vtk',E_far_normalized,thetaRange,phiRange,1e-3);