% % EXAMPLE / microstrip / MSL % % Microstrip line on air "substrate" in z-direction. % % This example demonstrates: % - simple microstrip geometry % - characteristic impedance % - material grading function % - geometric priority concept % % % Tested with % - Matlab 2009b % - Octave 3.3.52 % - openEMS v0.0.14 % % (C) 2010 Thorsten Liebig close all clear clc %% setup the simulation physical_constants; unit = 1e-3; % all length in mm % geometry abs_length = 100; % absorber length length = 600; width = 400; height = 200; MSL_width = 50; MSL_height = 10; %% prepare simulation folder Sim_Path = 'tmp'; Sim_CSX = 'msl.xml'; [status, message, messageid] = rmdir( Sim_Path, 's' ); % clear previous directory [status, message, messageid] = mkdir( Sim_Path ); % create empty simulation folder %% setup FDTD parameter & excitation function %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% max_timesteps = 2000; min_decrement = 1e-5; % equivalent to -50 dB f0 = 2e9; % center frequency fc = 1e9; % 10 dB corner frequency (in this case 1e9 Hz - 3e9 Hz) FDTD = InitFDTD( max_timesteps, min_decrement ); FDTD = SetGaussExcite( FDTD, f0, fc ); BC = {'PMC' 'PMC' 'PEC' 'PMC' 'PEC' 'PEC'}; FDTD = SetBoundaryCond( FDTD, BC ); %% setup CSXCAD geometry & mesh % very simple mesh CSX = InitCSX(); resolution = c0/(f0+fc)/unit /15; % resolution of lambda/15 mesh.x = SmoothMeshLines( [-width/2, width/2, -MSL_width/2, MSL_width/2], resolution ); % create smooth lines from fixed lines mesh.y = SmoothMeshLines( [linspace(0,MSL_height,5) MSL_height+1 height], resolution ); mesh.z = SmoothMeshLines( [0 length], resolution ); CSX = DefineRectGrid( CSX, unit, mesh ); %% create MSL % attention! the skin effect is not simulated, because the MSL is % discretized with only one cell! CSX = AddMaterial( CSX, 'copper' ); CSX = SetMaterialProperty( CSX, 'copper', 'Kappa', 56e6 ); start = [-MSL_width/2, MSL_height, 0]; stop = [ MSL_width/2, MSL_height+1, length]; priority = 100; % the geometric priority is set to 100 CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'copper', priority, start, stop ); %% add excitation below the strip start = [-MSL_width/2, 0 , mesh.z(1)]; stop = [ MSL_width/2, MSL_height, mesh.z(1)]; CSX = AddExcitation( CSX, 'excite', 0, [0 -1 0] ); CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'excite', 0, start, stop ); %% fake pml % this "pml" is a normal material with graded losses % electric and magnetic losses are related to give low reflection % for normally incident TEM waves finalKappa = 1/abs_length^2; finalSigma = finalKappa*MUE0/EPS0; CSX = AddMaterial( CSX, 'fakepml' ); CSX = SetMaterialProperty( CSX, 'fakepml', 'Kappa', finalKappa ); CSX = SetMaterialProperty( CSX, 'fakepml', 'Sigma', finalSigma ); CSX = SetMaterialWeight( CSX, 'fakepml', 'Kappa', ['pow(z-' num2str(length-abs_length) ',2)'] ); CSX = SetMaterialWeight( CSX, 'fakepml', 'Sigma', ['pow(z-' num2str(length-abs_length) ',2)'] ); start = [mesh.x(1) mesh.y(1) length-abs_length]; stop = [mesh.x(end) mesh.y(end) length]; % the geometric priority is set to 0, which is lower than the priority % of the MSL, thus the MSL (copper) has precedence priority = 0; CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'fakepml', priority, start, stop ); %% define dump boxes start = [mesh.x(1), MSL_height/2, mesh.z(1)]; stop = [mesh.x(end), MSL_height/2, mesh.z(end)]; CSX = AddDump( CSX, 'Et_', 'DumpMode', 2 ); % cell interpolated CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'Et_', 0, start, stop ); CSX = AddDump( CSX, 'Ht_', 'DumpType', 1, 'DumpMode', 2 ); % cell interpolated CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'Ht_', 0, start, stop ); %% define voltage calc box % voltage calc boxes will automatically snap to the next mesh-line CSX = AddProbe( CSX, 'ut1', 0 ); zidx = interp1( mesh.z, 1:numel(mesh.z), length/2, 'nearest' ); start = [0 MSL_height mesh.z(zidx)]; stop = [0 0 mesh.z(zidx)]; CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'ut1', 0, start, stop ); % add a second voltage probe to compensate space offset between voltage and % current CSX = AddProbe( CSX, 'ut2', 0 ); start = [0 MSL_height mesh.z(zidx+1)]; stop = [0 0 mesh.z(zidx+1)]; CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'ut2', 0, start, stop ); %% define current calc box % current calc boxes will automatically snap to the next dual mesh-line CSX = AddProbe( CSX, 'it1', 1 ); xidx1 = interp1( mesh.x, 1:numel(mesh.x), -MSL_width/2, 'nearest' ); xidx2 = interp1( mesh.x, 1:numel(mesh.x), MSL_width/2, 'nearest' ); xdelta = diff(mesh.x); yidx1 = interp1( mesh.y, 1:numel(mesh.y), MSL_height, 'nearest' ); yidx2 = interp1( mesh.y, 1:numel(mesh.y), MSL_height+1, 'nearest' ); ydelta = diff(mesh.y); zdelta = diff(mesh.z); start = [mesh.x(xidx1)-xdelta(xidx1-1)/2, mesh.y(yidx1)-ydelta(yidx1-1)/2, mesh.z(zidx)+zdelta(zidx)/2]; stop = [mesh.x(xidx2)+xdelta(xidx2)/2, mesh.y(yidx2)+ydelta(yidx2)/2, mesh.z(zidx)+zdelta(zidx)/2]; CSX = AddBox( CSX, 'it1', 0, start, stop ); %% write openEMS compatible xml-file WriteOpenEMS( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX], FDTD, CSX ); %% show the structure CSXGeomPlot( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX] ); %% run openEMS openEMS_opts = ''; openEMS_opts = [openEMS_opts ' --engine=fastest']; % openEMS_opts = [openEMS_opts ' --debug-material']; % openEMS_opts = [openEMS_opts ' --debug-boxes']; RunOpenEMS( Sim_Path, Sim_CSX, openEMS_opts ); %% postprocess freq = linspace( f0-fc, f0+fc, 501 ); U = ReadUI( {'ut1','ut2','et'}, 'tmp/', freq ); % time domain/freq domain voltage I = ReadUI( 'it1', 'tmp/', freq ); % time domain/freq domain current (half time step offset is corrected) % plot time domain voltage figure [ax,h1,h2] = plotyy( U.TD{1}.t/1e-9, U.TD{1}.val, U.TD{3}.t/1e-9, U.TD{3}.val ); set( h1, 'Linewidth', 2 ); set( h1, 'Color', [1 0 0] ); set( h2, 'Linewidth', 2 ); set( h2, 'Color', [0 0 0] ); grid on title( 'time domain voltage' ); xlabel( 'time t / ns' ); ylabel( ax(1), 'voltage ut1 / V' ); ylabel( ax(2), 'voltage et / V' ); % now make the y-axis symmetric to y=0 (align zeros of y1 and y2) y1 = ylim(ax(1)); y2 = ylim(ax(2)); ylim( ax(1), [-max(abs(y1)) max(abs(y1))] ); ylim( ax(2), [-max(abs(y2)) max(abs(y2))] ); % calculate characteristic impedance % arithmetic mean of ut1 and ut2 -> voltage in the middle of ut1 and ut2 U = (U.FD{1}.val + U.FD{2}.val) / 2; Z = U ./ I.FD{1}.val; % plot characteristic impedance figure plot( freq/1e6, real(Z), 'k-', 'Linewidth', 2 ); hold on grid on plot( freq/1e6, imag(Z), 'r--', 'Linewidth', 2 ); title( 'characteristic impedance of MSL' ); xlabel( 'frequency f / MHz' ); ylabel( 'characteristic impedance Z / Ohm' ); legend( 'real', 'imag' ); %% visualize electric and magnetic fields % you will find vtk dump files in the simulation folder (tmp/) % use paraview to visualize them